Krupitsky E. M., Grinenko A. Y. Ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT): A review of the results of ten years of research // Journal of psychoactive drugs. — Vol. 29 (2), April­­-June 1997. Pp. 165­­-183.

Ketamine Psychedelic Therapy (KPT): A Review of the Results of Ten Years of Research

E. M. Krupitsky, A. Y. Grinenko

Abstract—Ketamine is a prescription drug used for general anesthesia. In subanesthelic doses, it induces profound psychedelic experiences and hallucinations. The subanesthelic effect of ketamine was the hypothesized therapeutic mechanism in the authors' use of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy for alcoholism. The results of a controlled clinical trial demonstrated a considerable increase in efficacy of the authors' standard alcoholism treatment when supplemented by ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT). Total abstinence for more than one year was observed in 73 out of 111 (65.8%) alcoholic patients in the KPT group, compared to 24% (24 out of 100 patients) of the conventional treatment control group (p<0.01). The authors' studies of the underlying psychological mechanisms of KPT have indicated that ketamine-assisted psychedelic therapy of alcoholic patients induces a harmonization of the Minnesota Mulliphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) personality profile, positive transformation of nonverbalized (mostly unconscious) self-concept and emotional attitudes to various aspects of self and other people, positive changes in life values and purposes, important insights into the meaning of life and an increase in the level of spiritual development. Most importantly, these psychological changes were shown to favor a sober lifestyle. The data from biochemical investigations showed that the pharmacological action of KPT affects both monoaminergic and opioideigic neurotransmitter metabolism, i.e., those neurochemical systems which are involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence. The data from EEG computer-assisted analysis demonstrated that ketamine increases diet a activity in cerebrocortical regions of alcoholic patients. This is evidence of the reinforcement of limbic cortex interaction during the KPT session.

Keywords—alcoholism, hallucinogen, ketamine, psychedelics. psychotherapy, Russia