Altered States of Consciousness

Arnold M. Ludwig

Ludwig AM. Altered states of consciousness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1966 Sep;15(3):225-34. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1966.01730150001001. PMID: 5330058.

The paper was reprinted in C. T. Tart’s (Ed.) book Altered States of Consciousness, 1969). It is published at Altstates.Net with Arnold Ludwig’s permission (given in 2010).

1966-Ludwid-Altered-States-of-Consciousness-Haiti.pdf

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For the purpose of discussion, I shall regard “altered state(s) of consciousness” [hereafter referred to as ASC(s)] as any mental state(s), induced by various physio- logical, psychological, or pharmacological maneuvers or agents, which can be recognized subjectively by the individual himself (or by an objective observer of the individual) as representing a sufficient deviation in subjective experience or psychological functioning from certain general norms for that individual during alert, waking consciousness.